According to the AIMR-PPS when presenting the performance record of composites containing portfolios that use leverage, which of the following statements are true?
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A. B. C. D.C
For composites containing portfolios that use leverage, all of the statements are true. This is a requirement for presentation of results.
The AIMR-PPS (Association for Investment Management and Research-Performance Presentation Standards) provides guidelines for presenting the performance record of investment portfolios. When it comes to composites containing portfolios that use leverage, the following statements are true:
A. If the use of leverage is discretionary, the performance presented must include the effects of the leverage. This statement means that if the decision to use leverage in the portfolio is made at the discretion of the portfolio manager, the performance record should reflect the impact of the leverage. Leverage amplifies the returns and risks of a portfolio, so including its effects in the performance record provides a more accurate representation of the portfolio's performance.
B. If the use of leverage is discretionary, performance on a restated, all-cash basis must be provided. This statement indicates that if the portfolio manager has the authority to use leverage at their discretion, the performance record should include an additional presentation on an all-cash basis. Restating the performance on an all-cash basis helps provide a clearer understanding of the portfolio's performance if leverage had not been used. It allows for a comparison between the performance of the leveraged portfolio and the performance that would have been achieved without leverage.
C. All of these statements are true. This option implies that both statements A and B are correct, and therefore, it is the correct answer if you believe both statements to be true.
D. If the use of leverage is nondiscretionary, performance must be presented on an all-cash basis. This statement is not true. If the use of leverage is nondiscretionary, meaning it is imposed by external factors or constraints beyond the portfolio manager's control, there is no requirement to present the performance on an all-cash basis. Nondiscretionary leverage refers to situations where the portfolio manager must use leverage as a result of client restrictions, regulatory requirements, or other external factors. In such cases, the performance record can be presented without adjusting for the effects of leverage.
In summary, the correct answer is C. Both statements A and B are true according to the AIMR-PPS when presenting the performance record of composites containing portfolios that use leverage.