Estimating Relevant Cash Flows

D

Sunk costs should be excluded from the analysis, and interest expense is incorporated in the WACC and not the cash flows.

The correct answer is A. All of the answers are correct.

When calculating the net present value (NPV) of a project, the CFO should consider all relevant cash flows associated with the project. Let's break down each option to understand why they are all correct:

A. All of the answers are correct. This option is correct because the CFO should consider all relevant cash flows when estimating the NPV. This includes the initial up-front costs, which represent the initial investment required to start the project. It also includes the operating cash flows, which are the cash inflows and outflows generated by the project during its operation. Lastly, the terminal cash flows should be included, which represent the cash inflows or outflows that occur at the end of the project's life, such as the sale of assets or the salvage value.

B. Any interest expenses associated with the project. Interest expenses associated with the project should be included because they represent the cost of financing the project. These expenses affect the cash flows and ultimately impact the NPV calculation.

D. Any opportunity costs associated with the project. Opportunity costs should be considered because they represent the value of the best alternative foregone when choosing a particular project. If the company decides to invest in this project, it might lose the opportunity to invest in other projects that could potentially generate higher returns. Therefore, the CFO should account for the opportunity costs to make an accurate assessment of the project's profitability.

E. Any sunk costs associated with the project. Sunk costs are costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered. In the context of a new project, these costs might include expenses related to research and development or market analysis conducted prior to making the decision to invest. Since sunk costs have already been spent and cannot be changed, they should not be considered in the NPV calculation. Therefore, this option is not correct. However, it is important to note that sunk costs are often mistakenly considered when making investment decisions, which is known as the sunk cost fallacy.

In summary, when estimating the relevant cash flows for a project's NPV calculation, the CFO should consider the initial up-front costs, the operating cash flows, and the terminal cash flows. They should also include any interest expenses associated with the project and account for any opportunity costs. However, sunk costs, which are costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered, should not be considered in the calculation.