Parameterizing Queries

A.

The correct answer to the question is A. the execution of unauthorized actions against a database.

Parameterizing queries is an important technique used to prevent SQL injection attacks, which are a type of security vulnerability that can be exploited to execute unauthorized actions against a database. SQL injection attacks occur when an attacker is able to inject SQL code into an application's input fields, such as search boxes or login forms. This code can then be executed by the application's database, allowing the attacker to access sensitive information or modify the contents of the database.

Parameterizing queries involves using placeholders in SQL statements to separate the code from the user input. When a user enters data into an application's input field, the data is assigned to the placeholder rather than being directly incorporated into the SQL statement. This prevents the user input from being able to modify the SQL code and execute unauthorized actions against the database.

The other answer options provided in the question are not directly related to the concept of parameterizing queries. A memory overflow attack (option B) occurs when an application attempts to store more data in memory than it is able to handle, which can result in the execution of code with elevated privileges. Establishing a web shell (option C) is a technique used by attackers to gain unauthorized access to a system by creating a web-based command and control interface. Using an outdated library with security vulnerabilities (option D) is a general security concern, but it is not directly related to the technique of parameterizing queries.