A user has changed the MAC address of a laptop to gain access to a network.
This is an instance of:
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A. B. C. D.A.
The correct answer to this question is A. Spoofing.
Spoofing is the act of falsifying data to gain unauthorized access to a system or network. In the context of computer networks, MAC address spoofing involves changing the Media Access Control (MAC) address of a network interface to impersonate a different device. This allows the attacker to bypass network access controls, such as MAC address filtering, and gain access to the network.
MAC addresses are unique identifiers assigned to network interfaces by the manufacturer. They are used by the network to identify devices and to ensure that data is sent to the correct destination. By changing the MAC address of a device, an attacker can pretend to be a legitimate device and gain access to the network.
Brute force is a type of attack where an attacker tries all possible combinations of characters to guess a password or encryption key. This is not relevant to the scenario described in the question.
Man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks involve intercepting and modifying communication between two parties. This is not relevant to the scenario described in the question.
A botnet is a network of infected computers that can be controlled by a remote attacker. This is not relevant to the scenario described in the question.
In conclusion, changing the MAC address of a device to gain unauthorized access to a network is an instance of spoofing.